A Nearby or Distant
Galaxy Cannot and Will Not Be Created
While the Earth Exists?
Laboratory for Geochemistry, Cosmochemistry&Astrochemistry, University of Niš, pavleipremovic@yahoo.com, Niš, Serbia
If you can’t explain it simply, you don’t understand it well enough. Albert Einstein
Cosmological redshift
and blueshift are characterized by the relative difference between the observed
and emitted wavelengths of light which is sourced by an astronomical object
such as a nearby or distant galaxy (hereinafter galaxy). In
the widely accepted cosmological model based on General relativity, this shift
is mainly a direct
consequence of the Universe’s expansion. It can be defined as
z = (λ/λ0) − 1 ... (1)
where λ0 is the wavelength at
which the light has been emitted by the galaxy and λ is the
wavelength of this light measured by an Earth observer. If z > 0 then the galaxy’s light is
redshifted; if z < 0 the
galaxy then this light is blueshifted. Often, a blueshift is referred to as a negative
redshift. According to eqn. (1): Earth’s redshift z = 0.
The galaxies are moving away from the Earth, and the farther away a galaxy is from the Earth since the light left that galaxy, its redshift z is larger. In the overwhelming majority of galaxies, it can be said that the galaxy is farther away from the Earth it is older and its redshift z is larger.
We will
consider the Earth and an imaginary galaxy: P23.12.940, assuming that it was created
when the Earth was born, about 4.55 Gy ago. Suppose that there is an observer on that
Earth. Let us assume that P23.12.940 was situated at a different position in the
Universe at that time far from the just-born Earth. Taking into account the above statement Earth’s
observer would conclude that P23.12.940 has z > 0 and is older than the
Earth at that time. This is wrong because as we ascertained above, P23.12.940 was born at the same time as the Earth and it should be located in the same position as the Earth.[1]
Suppose
now that P23.12.940 is born at present and is positioned more or less far from
the Earth. Again, an Earth’s observer would come to a similar incorrect
conclusion as above. Moreover, all Earth’s observers at any time between
the creation of the Earth and the present-day Earth would come to a similar
erroneous conclusion.
Based
on the above, we deal with three possible cases:
(1) According to the current theory of the Universe expansion, there is no galaxy in the Universe with z = 0 that was born at any time between the birth of the Earth and the present Earth. It would then have to be created in the same position in the Universe as the Earth. This is impossible since the Earth is a planet in the Milky Way galaxy. This leads to an unacceptable conclusion that since the Earth exists and as long as it exists, new galaxies will not be formed.
The Milky Way was created about 13.6 Gy ago. Suppose that in this galaxy there is a planet that was born 12 Gy. [2] Its z would be 0. Following the above statement, one would conclude that there would not be a formation of any galaxy between 12 Gy ago and now. This is impossible. Indeed, ever since the first galaxies appeared, they merged but this does not mean that they were formed simultaneously.(1)
(2) If the galaxy's redshift z > 0 it was born before or after the Earth and it is far from the Earth. Its light is redshifted. We label a galaxy born before the Earth with BE and with AE those born after the Earth [3]. All nearby and distant galaxies are redshifted; they are moving away from us, due to the expansion of the Universe. Their recession speed is much higher than their peculiar speed. Almost all nearby and distant galaxies are BE-type. So-called “megamasser galaxies” have a redshift of 0.1 ≥ z ≥ 0.001 and belong to the AE-type galaxies {1}.
In one of our previous communications {2}, we wrongly stated “If the AE galaxy has a cosmological redshift approximately equal to or greater than 1.5 its light will never reach the Earth. For this reason, we will in this work devote our attention to the AE galaxy with the cosmological redshift < 1.5 (hereinafter the galaxy)”. It can be easily shown that the AE galaxies have z much smaller than 1; and,
(3) If the galaxy’s redshift z < 0 then its light is blueshifted. The peculiar speed of this galaxy Earth is larger than its recessional velocity. This is possible for galaxies that are close to the Earth like the Andromeda galaxy. In other words, there is no nearby or distant galaxy blueshifted.
References
[1] Two massive objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time. That does not mean that diffuse objects cannot pass through each other or anything like that. Indeed, large galaxies contain numerous smaller satellites. As far as we are aware, the Earth is not located in a satellite galaxy.
[2] Cosmologists believe that 12.8 Gy ago and beyond, the Universe looked similar to today’s Universe. Most of galaxies were born between about 12-10 Gy ago. Astronomers estimated that there are billions of planets in the Milky Way. For certain, a very small part of them was born 12 Gy ago, but still there are probably hundreds millions of them.
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