An Additional Note on the “A Simple Way to Show Space-Time Expansion

 

An Additional Note on the “A Simple Way to Show Space-Time Expansion”

Pavle I. Premović

Laboratory for Geochemistry, Cosmochemistry&Astrochemistry,

University of Niš, psvleipremovic@yahoo.com, Niš, Serbia

According to the standard cosmology, nearby and distant galaxies [1] recede from the Earth because the Universe is expanding at a constant rate. Premović [2] denoted galaxies that formed before the Earth with BE (or before the Earth) and those before its birth with AE (or after the Earth). All distant galaxies belong to the BE-type and all nearby to the AE-type.

Premović {3} has shown that light emitted by a BE galaxy at a distance D_G will travel to the Earth as long it has been the birth of the Earth, i. e. during a time equal to A_E. In equation form,

D_G = cA_E

where c (= 299792 km sec^-1) is the speed of light (in a vacuum). He has shown that the clock on the BE galaxy would run slower than an identical clock on the Earth. In the language of relativity, there is the relative time dilation between the identical clocks in the frames of reference of the Earth and of the BE galaxy. This implies that the Earth formation observed at a cosmological distance (i.e., with a significant cosmological redshift) appears to take longer than it would if it occurs on the Earth. In other words, the farther away a galaxy is, its time flow is slower. This is an example of a phenomenon called cosmological time dilation (or cosmic time dilation). [2].

The age of the Earth (about 4.55 Gy) is known from various radiometric “clocks”.[3] We will consider one of these “clocks”, the conversion of uranium (U) isotopes (U²³⁸ and U²³⁵) to lead (Pb) isotopes (Pb²⁰⁶ and Pb²⁰⁷). In order to determine the age of Earth, Earth scientists have analyzed very ancient rocks of various origins (including extraterrestrial rocks: meteorites fragments and lunar samples) for these isotopes. They radiochemically determined the time interval between the formation of these rocks and their present time. This time interval will be longer for an observer of the galaxy thus the age of the Earth.

I would also like to point out here a few of my inexplicable mistakes in this communication. [4] They have been fixed in the new version. Fortunately, they do not influence the basic conclusions of the paper. In any case, I ask readers to accept my apology.

References

{1} P. I. Premović, Distant galaxies in the non-expanding (Euclidean) Universe: the light speed redshift. The General Science Journal, December 2021.

{2} P. I. Premović, The age of the “megamaser” Galaxies in the Big Bang Universe. The General Science Journal, December 2021.

{3} P. I. Premović, A simple way to show space-time expansion. The General Science Journal, December 2021. 

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[1] We define nearby galaxies as those whose redshift zG is from 0.001 to 0.1 (or 0.001 ≤  zG ≤ 0.1)  and distant galaxies
with zG > 0.1 {1, 2}. Of course, there is no sharp line between nearby and distant galaxies.
[2] I was not aware of that term until the evening of February 9, 2022, when, by a happy coincidence, I came across it while 
wandering with Google’s “Advanced Search”.
[3] The best estimate for Earth's age of 4.55 Gy is based on the radiometric dating of fragments from the Canyon Diablo iron
meteorite.
[4] For example, I replaced the Earth's age of 4.55 Gy with 4.25 Gy and then rounded it to 4.3 Gy. I  know it sounds very strange
... But at the time I was writing this paper, three of my, door to door, neighbors of my age died of covid-19. I panicked “a bit” 
and hurried... I am just a human.

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